给水厂残泥免烧陶粒对Pb与Cd的吸附特征

针对高效低廉的吸附材料——WTR（water treatment residuals,给水厂残泥）因颗粒细小在水处理工艺中难以应用的问题,利用免烧法制备出WTR陶粒,研究其对Pb和Cd的吸附特征.批量吸附试验结果表明,准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地描述WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附动力学（R2>0.995 8）与等温吸附过程（R2>0.994 8）.在溶液pH为5、恒温25℃、振荡24 h下,Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的最大吸附容量分别为13.97和18.60 mg/g.单因素条件试验结果表明,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量均随溶液初始pH的升高而增加,当pH由3升至9时,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量分别增加了1.44和0.95倍;离子强度的增加不利于WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附.批量等温解吸试验结果表明,在pH为4~8的溶液中,Pb和Cd较难从WTR免烧陶粒中解吸出来,解吸率均在3.5%以内;当溶液pH为3时,Pb和Cd的解吸率分别高达65.88%和45.01%.BCR分级提取结果表明,Pb和Cd均主要以酸提取态形式（占比在68.18%以上）存在于WTR免烧陶粒中;同时,随着初始吸附量的增加,酸提取态比例显著减少,而还原态和残渣态比例显著增加.研究显示,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd具有较强的吸附能力,可作为一种高效的重金属吸附材料应用于水处理工艺中.      

20年来密云水库主要入库河流总氮变化趋势和影响因素

密云水库是北京市最主要的饮用水源地,但近年来,密云水库遭遇了氮类污染物浓度逐渐增加的问题.因此,本文分析了密云水库主要入库河流潮河和白河在1990—2010年的总氮变化趋势和影响因素.结果表明,1990—2010年期间,潮河、白河的总氮浓度呈明显增加的趋势,且TN浓度随流量的增加呈减小趋势,经流量校正后,潮河在非汛期和白河的TN浓度显著增加,2000年后汛期潮河的TN浓度减小;总氮主要以硝态氮存在,与总硬度的相关系数最大;20年来,区域人类活动逐渐增强,水利水保措施并未改变总氮浓度增加的趋势.农业非点源污染物和畜禽养殖污染物的增加是入库河流总氮增加的主要原因,径流量减少又放大了这一效应,污染物主要通过淋溶作用补给到地下水,再补给到河流水体中.研究表明,要有效控制河流的总氮浓度,应把重点放在减小地下水的过度利用和控制区域内的非点源污染上.     

Use of Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals as amendments for enhancing the retention capacity of glyphosate in agricultural soils

Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), ubiquitous and non-hazardous by-products of drinking water purification, are cost-effective adsorbents for glyphosate. Given that repeated glyphosate applications could significantly decrease glyphosate retention by soils and that the adsorbed glyphosate is potentially mobile, high sorption capacity and stability of glyphosate in agricultural soils are needed to prevent pollution of water by glyphosate. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of reusing Fe/Al WTR as a soil amendment to enhance the retention capacity of glyphosate in two agricultural soils. The results of batch experiments showed that the Fe/Al WTR amendment significantly enhanced the glyphosate sorption capacity of both soils (p < 0.001). Up to 30% of the previously adsorbed glyphosate desorbed from the non-amended soils, and the Fe/Al WTR amendment effectively decreased the proportion of glyphosate desorbed. Fractionation analyses further demonstrated that glyphosate adsorbed to non-amended soils was primarily retained in the readily labile fraction (NaHCO₃-glyphosate). The WTR amendment significantly increased the relative proportion of the moderately labile fraction (HCl-glyphosate) and concomitantly reduced that of the NaHCO₃-glyphosate, hence reducing the potential for the release of soil-adsorbed glyphosate into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, Fe/Al WTR amendment minimized the inhibitory effect of increasing solution pH on glyphosate sorption by soils and mitigated the effects of increasing solution ionic strength. The present results indicate that Fe/Al WTR is suitable for use as a soil amendment to prevent glyphosate pollution of aquatic ecosystems by enhancing the glyphosate retention capacity in soils.     

污水深度处理过滤罐反冲洗工艺的优化

针对油田污水深度处理设备运行一段时间后出现的过滤罐过流量下降、反冲洗后短时间内污水含油量偏高等现象,对过滤罐的反冲洗工艺进行了调整,考察了反冲洗压力、反冲洗周期、反冲洗程序对过滤罐过滤效果的影响。试验结果表明:最佳反冲洗压力为250 k Pa,在此条件下滤料的更换周期长达半年之久,过流量约为310 m3/h;最佳反冲洗周期为35 min;调整后的反冲洗程序为在每次反冲洗前先不提起盖板,使滤料在压缩状态下水冲洗5 min,水冲洗完成后再开始正常的气、水反冲洗过程。调整反冲洗程序后过滤罐出口污水含油量下降了6 mg/L,平均值为8 mg/L。     

给水处理厂铁铝泥对正磷酸盐的吸附效果

通过批量实验和柱状实验并结合磷的分级提取探究了给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥(ferric-alum water treatment re-siduals,FARs)吸附正磷酸盐的效果。批量实验结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich方程均能较好地描述FARs对磷的等温吸附过程,且当pH从5增至9时,FARs磷的饱和吸附量从41.68 mg/g减小到17.08 mg/g。pH越低,磷与FARs的结合能力越强。柱状实验结果表明,FARs具有显著的磷吸附能力,在运行的89 d里,磷的去除率保持在80%以上。出水pH与进水相比略有增加,但增加量不会对地表水体造成影响。磷的分级提取结果进一步说明,被吸附的磷主要以释磷风险小的铁铝结合态存在。综合实验结果表明,FARs可以作为高效磷吸附剂应用于地表水除磷。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数，实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72h，考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明，不同反冲洗周期，滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果，出水中的总Fe、Mn“和NH？-N的平均浓度分别为0．018、0．003和0．016mg／L，0．010、0．001和0．014mg/L，0．013、0．001和0．014mg／L，均远低于国家标准，说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72h时，出水平均浊度分别为0．27、0．38和0．57NTU，反冲洗周期越长，出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现，浊度主要在0～O．4m去除，出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5rain出水浊度为3．16NTU，15min降到了1NTU以下，25min降到了0．5NTU，60min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响简

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数，实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h，考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明，不同反冲洗周期，滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果，出水中的总Fe、Mn²⁺和NH₄⁺-N的平均浓度分别为0.018、0.003和0.016 mg/L，0.010、0.001和0.014 mg/L，0.013、0.001和0.014 mg/L，均远低于国家标准，说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h时，出水平均浊度分别为0.27、0.38和0.57 NTU，反冲洗周期越长，出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现，浊度主要在0~0.4 m去除，出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5 min出水浊度为3.16 NTU，15 min降到了1 NTU以下，25 min降到了0.5 NTU，60 min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

逆出水方向曝气反冲洗在动态膜生物反应器中的应用

采用逆出水方向曝气措施对以无纺布构建的动态膜生物反应器生活污水处理系统中的动态膜进行在线反冲洗.当反冲洗曝气强度为5.6 m³/(m²·h)、反冲洗时间为5　min时,生物动态膜的恢复需要45　min,生物动态膜恢复后出水浊度保持在5　NTU以下.在该反冲洗条件下,反应器稳定运行2个月,反冲洗周期可以稳定在15　h左右.扫描电镜观察表明,逆出水方向曝气反冲洗能够有效破坏附着在膜基材上的生物动态膜.生物动态膜截留能力研究表明,新的生物动态膜形成后,反应器对相对分子质量3×10⁴以上的有机物的截留率大于50％.逆出水方向曝气是一种经济有效的动态膜反应器在线清洗方法.     

Comparison of different phosphate species adsorption by ferric and alum water treatment residuals

As safe byproducts of drinking water treatment processes,ferric and alum water treatment residuals(FARs) have the potential to be new phosphate(P) immobilization materials.In this study,batch experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the adsorption characteristics of three P species by FARs.The results showed that the kinetic processes of different P species’ adsorption by FARs could be described by a pseudo second-order model.The ranking list of the initial adsorption rates with respect to different phosphates was pyrophosphate,phytate,orthophosphate,hexametaphosphate and glycerophosphate.Of the six models considered,the two-site Langmuir model most effectively described the adsorption characteristics of the various P species.Upon fitting the results,the maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 40.24 mg/g for phytate,18.04 mg/g for pyrophosphate,17.14 mg/g for orthophosphate,15.86 mg/g for hexametaphosphate and 10.81 mg/g for glycerophosphate.In addition,the adsorption processes of the different P species were spontaneous endothermic processes and were favored at lower pH values.The pH dependency was found to be especially true for orthophosphate,where the adsorption capacity decreased by 1.22 mg/g with an increase in pH from 5 to 9.Fractionation of the adsorbed P species from the FARs demonstrated that Al-P and Fe-P were the dominating forms,constituting approximately 80%-90% of the total P fractions,which indicated that the adsorbed P species had a low leaching risk and could stably exist in the FARs.Therefore,the FARs could be effective in controlling pollution in water caused by different P species.     

水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料反冲洗试验研究

反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,反冲洗的效果关系到滤床下一个周期的过滤效果.试验证明水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料采用气-水反冲洗在冲洗效果、减少冲洗时间、降低冲洗耗水量及避免混层等方面比单水反冲洗有优势.在工程实践中水淬渣石英砂双层滤料反冲洗选用水强度为5L/m2·s、气强度为10L/m2·s、冲洗历时4min合适.